Short Circuit Detector Project

ITALY: HISTORY AND CULTURE MAJOR

Although an independent state, Italy has a recent history has been for more than three thousand years the venue for many civilizations. The Etruscans, before, and Greek, then, were the two civilizations that deeply marked the evolution of Western culture, leaving visible signs on the art, philosophy, languages \u200b\u200band politics. According to tradition, the city of Rome was born in 753 BC by the will of Romulus, first king. Only on, in the Republican period, Rome began to consolidate its political institutions and to conquer the Mediterranean (201 BC). Giulio Cesare completed the expansion in Continental Europe up to Scotland, Persia and in other geographical areas of Africa, arriving at Gibraltar. The fall of the Empire (476 AD) marked the end of a political organization, but not a civilization. Italy was invaded by Germanic peoples that once on the peninsula assimilated elements of Roman culture. Charlemagne incorporated Italy to the Holy Roman Empire (800 AD) and gave a new political structure: feudalism. At the end of the eleventh century, economic and cultural renewal led to the creation of "communities" and "Signori", automatically organized entities with respect to the Empire. The most important were, among others, those of the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Medici in Florence, the Montefeltro at Urbino and the East in the 1300 final Ferrara.Al began to flourish again, and cultural life art. The Renaissance was the discovery of classical studies, the affirmation of a free man. Is rediscovered philosophy, literature, science and the art. Character as Botticelli, Michelangelo and Leonardo are claves.Desde the 1500 figures until the French Revolution, Italy was the subject of struggles between foreign powers, France and Spain first, and far less by Austria and England. While important Italian artists loved Europe and the explorers discovered other worlds, Italy was subject to political developments between potencias.Esta situation continued until the French Revolution, when the ideas of liberty and equality were spread by the armies of Napoleon, who invaded to Italy and changed the political structure. Began the "Risorgimento" italiano, which produced the first tentative revolutionaries. Main inspiration was Giuseppe Mazzini, who said the Italians, their writings and action, the goal of a united Italy, Independent and Republican. Still, it was thanks to the Piedmontese statesman, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, who began the unification of Italy. On March 17, 1861, the states of the peninsula and the Two Sicilies were united under the throne of King Vittorio Emanuele, the leader of the Savoy dynasty, hitherto ruler of Piedmont and kings of Sardinia. Roma, meanwhile, was kept separate from the rest of Italy under the command of the pope and the kingdom was not until September 20, 1870, deadline for the unification italiana.Desde the realization of unity, the country developed its economic and military resources to achieve great power status. Began its expansion in Eritrea (1880), remained in Somalia (1891) and stopped in Abyssinia with the defeat of Adua (1896). In the twentieth century, after a war with Turkey (1911-1912), took possession of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (Libya) and the sea islands Egeo.En 1914, World War I broke out, but Italy entered the race only in 1915 against Austria and Germany. When the war ended in late 1917, Italy had been invaded their territory, not only recovered, but was widened their fronteras.Siguió a critical period that facilitated the rise of Benito Mussolini. This gave rise to a fascist dictatorship nacionalista.La reviving the spirit of Mussolini's dictatorship in the thirties to an expansionist policy, which led to the conquest of Ethiopia. In the same period Mussolini shook an alliance with Hitler's Germany and Imperial Japan. At the beginning of World War II, Italy remained neutral (with the consent of Hitler), but he declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940, when France was defeated. After the failed invasion of the USSR and the United States' entry into the war, the situation deteriorated axis. Italy was invaded their own territory by enemy troops. Given the seriousness of the circumstances, King Vittorio Emanuele III ordered the arrest of Mussolini and Badoglio named premier. The new government began peace negotiations with the Allies. On September 8, 1943 armistice was declared the aliados.Empezaba a difficult period, with double occupancy, allies to the south and German troops in the north, where it was the Italian Socialist Republic. From June 1944, the Allies entered Rome and pushed, together with the partisan forces, German troops. The liberalization was completed on June 25 and within days was established through a decree, that the Italian people would have chosen between the Monarchy and the Republic. The referendum on June 2, 1946 established the Italian Republic, which adopted a new constitution in the 1948.Italia is one of the founding countries of the European Union, in fact, the first step of this project is dated 18 April 1951, when it signed the Treaty of Paris, which formally established the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community). In 1957 the Treaty of Rome entered the country in the EEC (European Economic Community) that created the common market. In 1999 it established the euro, the single European currency.